分工交易与第三产业的发展

魏作磊

中山大学中国第三产业研究中心博士生

摘 要

　　世界各国产业结构演进的一般规律表明，随着人均GDP的增长，第三产业增加值占GDP的比重将不断增加。对于第三产业比重为什么会增加，现有的解释主要是新古典经济学供给-需求的分析范式。本文借鉴了近年来复兴起来的古典经济学和新制度经济学的分析框架，对第三产业增长的原因进行了考察，给出了一个新的解释。本文认为：第三产业的发展的一个主要原因是分工深化和交易网络的扩展，反过来第三产业的发展又进一步促进了分工的深化和交易网络的扩展。分工的深化使得一些行业或部门从第一产业或第二产业行业中分化出来独立成为第三产业部门，专业化促进了这些行业或部门的进一步发展；随着交易网络的扩展，阻碍分工进一步发展的各种交易费用迅速增加，为了减少交易费用，协调分工进一步发展，一些新兴的第三产业行业便应运而生，并随分工的发展而进一步发展。

　　由于影响分工和交易的因素主要是制度因素、人口及自然条件等，因而制度因素、人口及自然条件等成了影响第三产业发展主要因素。本文分别对这些因素进行了考察，并利用考察的结果对发达国家和中国第三产业发展的事实进行了解释。

关键词：第三产业；服务业；分工；交易

ABSTRACT

With the rising of per capita GDP, the proportion of the tertiary industry in the GDP increases steadily. Why does the tertiary industry increase? The answers available to this question have stemmed from the Demand-Supply Model of the Neo-classic economics. By using the research method of New Institutional Economics and Classical economics, this thesis studies the reason why the tertiary industry grows and provides a new answer. This thesis believes that the development of the tertiary industry is the result of the deepening of the division of labor and the expansion of transaction net. In the meanwhile, the development of the tertiary industry promotes the evolution of the division of labor and the expansion of transaction net. With the deepening of the division of labor, some industries have broke up from the primary industry or the second industry and then become the sectors of the tertiary industry. Specialization has caused the rapid developing of these sectors. With the expansion of transaction net, the transaction cost will increase rapidly. To decrease the transaction cost, some new sectors of the tertiary industry spring up.

As the main factors that influence the division of labor and transaction are institutions, population, natural environment and so on, and so institutions, population, natural environment and so on are the main factors that influence the tertiary industry. This thesis explains at some length these factors. At last, by using the conclusion of this thesis, the author explains the factors that influence the development of the tertiary industry in the developed countries and China.

Key words: tertiary industry; service trades; the division of labor; transaction.